Paul’s audience here is the Jew (see the concentration of “law” at the end of the chapter). In 1:18-32, Paul gave a list of sins and says that those sins are not excusable for the Gentile. In 2:1, he says the Jew also is without excuse. Why? While he judged the Gentile for his ungodliness, the Jew was also practicing the same thing (he’ll offer some illustrations in 2:21-23).
The judgment of God rightly falls on all those who practice such ungodliness and unrighteousness. Did the Jews really suppose (vs 3) that, while practicing the same unrighteousness, they could escape the wrath of God? Following up on that question, Paul asks in verse 4 if they did not truly despise the riches of God’s kindness, tolerance, and patience by being hypocritical toward the Gentiles? On the contrary, God’s kindness should have led them to repent.
But, they were stubborn and unrepentant so that, rather than storing up treasures in heaven (Matt. 6:19-21), they were storing up “wrath” in the coming day of God’s wrath (vs 5). The bottom line is, based on the OT (Psa 62:12; Prov. 24:12), God will judge each person according to his faithful obedience (vs 6).
To those who, with perseverance, seek after glory, honor, and immortality, God will give them eternal life (vs 7). To those who, through selfish ambition refuse to obey the truth, God will give them His wrath and indignation (vs 8). Furthermore, in verse 9, Paul says that the ones who do evil will receive tribulation and distress – irrespective of their nationality. Again, for those who do good (defined as faithful obedience), honor and peace await – irrespective of nationality (vs 10). God is impartial in judgment (vs 11).
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If the Gentiles were to faithfully follow their moral conscience (and abstained from pagan worship), they would be doing by nature the content of the law and they would have been justified (vs 14-15). The Ninevites responding at the preaching of Jonah is a great example of that principle from the OT. Today, however, God will judge all men based on the Gospel message, through Jesus Christ (vs 16).
Today, there is no “Jew” or “Gentile” in God’s plan of salvation. Today, the entire world is divided into believers (obedient, to Jesus Christ) and unbelievers.
–Paul Holland
