Psalm 110 is not a popularly known psalm but it is one of the most theologically significant psalms in the book of psalms. It perplexed the Jewish rabbis, at least until Jesus came along and clarified its meaning.
As Bible students know, God commanded through the Law of Moses that priests in the nation of Israel would come through the son of Jacob named Levi. Priests came from the tribe of Levi. But Bible students also know that God promised it would be through the tribe of Judah that kings would descend. That promise goes back to Jacob’s promise to Judah in Genesis 49:9-10 and it was confirmed and specialized in 2 Samuel 7:12-14 when God promised King David.
Under the law of Moses, Jesus could not be priest. He was not from the family of Levi. But, he would be a priest in the likeness of Melchizedek and that is the point of Psalm 110.
DAVID’S MASTER WILL REIGN – 110:1-3:
Note two important things. The first “LORD” is all in capital letters showing that this designation refers to Jehovah God. The second “Lord” refers to David’s master. Jehovah God said to David’s “Lord” or “master:” “Sit at My right hand [the place of power and authority] until I make your enemies a footstool for your feet.” Jehovah God is placing David’s master as king, to rule over his enemies.
DAVID’S MASTER WILL MEDIATE – 110:4:
This is the key verse that shows the master of David, who is reigning, will also be a priest, who mediates God’s blessings on behalf of His people. That’s what a priest does, right?
But a king could not be a priest under the Law of Moses. In other ANE cultures, the king was the principal mediator between man and their god, but not in Israel. David here suggests God is going elsewhere than the law of Moses for a paradigm for the Priest/King. God goes back to the patriarchal days, to a non-Hebrew, for the pattern for the priesthood of this Priest/King: back to Melchizedek (Gen. 14).
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David’s master will be both king and priest. In the last part of the psalm, David returns to the idea that his master will be a king, a powerful king, who will protect and provide for his people…
DAVID’S MASTER WILL SHATTER KINGS – 110:5-7:
He will also act as judge among the nations and fill them with corpses, a further picture of His day of judgment.
So, who is this Priest/King? Jesus came and taught that He was such a Priest/King and rose from the dead to prove it…
In fact, the NT writers quote or alludes to Psalm 110 some twenty-nine times (at least!), indicating how theologically important Psalm 110 is. In fact, Psalm 110 is quoted more frequently than any other passage in the entire OT!
Psalm 110 is quoted in the NT in: Matt. 22:44; 26:64; Mark 12:36; 14:62; 16:19; Luke Luke 20:42; 22:69; John 12:34; Acts 2:34-35; 7:55-56; Rom. 8:34; 1 Cor. 15:25; Eph. 1:20; Col. 3:1; Heb. 1:3, 13; 5:6, 10; 6:20; 7:1, 10-11, 15, 17; 8:1; 10:12; 1 Pet. 3:22.
We have a King who sits and reigns at the right hand of God. We also have a High Priest who sacrificed Himself for our sins and continues to mediate with God for us!
Paul Holland
